CriminalAct No. 47 of 2023In Force

The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023

Replaces the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 as the law of evidence applicable in all Indian courts. The BSA modernises evidence law to comprehensively incorporate electronic evidence — electronic records, electronic signatures, and electronic communications are given statutory recognition. Joint trial provisions and admissibility of confessions have also been revised.

Sections

170

Ministry

Ministry of Home Affairs

Key Provisions

→Electronic and digital records as primary evidence

→Admissibility of electronic evidence — certificate requirement (S.63)

→Burden of proof and standard of proof in civil and criminal cases

→Presumptions of law and fact

→Confessions — when admissible and exclusions

→Examination of witnesses — examination-in-chief, cross, re-examination

→Expert evidence and opinions

→Hearsay rule and exceptions

Related Practice Areas

criminal-defence commercial-litigation

BSAevidenceelectronic evidenceadmissibilitywitnessconfessionBharatiya Sakshya

Section-by-Section Reference

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Indian government legislation is in the public domain under S.52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act, 1957. This reference is for educational purposes. Laws are amended frequently — verify the current text on the e-Gazette of India before relying on it for legal proceedings.