Constitution of IndiaPart IIIFundamental Right44th Constitutional Amendment, 1978 — removed right to property from Article 19.
Article 19
Protection of Certain Rights Regarding Freedom of Speech, etc.
freedom of speechassemblyassociationmovementresidenceprofessiontradereasonable restrictions
Plain English Explanation
Article 19 is the heart of civil liberties in India. It guarantees six freedoms to citizens: speech and expression, peaceful assembly (without arms), forming associations, free movement, residence anywhere in India, and freedom of profession/trade/business. All these rights are subject to "reasonable restrictions" by the State on specified grounds (public order, decency, morality, sovereignty etc.). The right to property was originally in Article 19(1)(f) but was removed by the 44th Amendment (1978).
Legal Text
The Constitution of India · Article 19
(1) All citizens shall have the right— (a) to freedom of speech and expression; (b) to assemble peaceably and without arms; (c) to form associations or unions or co-operative societies; (d) to move freely throughout the territory of India; (e) to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; (g) to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.
Quick Facts
- Article Number
- 19
- Part
- III
- Type
- Fundamental Right
- Inserted/Amended by
- 44th Constitutional Amendment, 1978 — removed right to property from Article 19.
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